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机器,机器人与人工智能写作

  在写作尤其是文学写作的领域里不得不讨论AI(ArtificialIntelligence)之前,人工智能的存在属于算法上的可控方,因为它的行为领域如其作为交叉技术诞生那样,尚在科学和工程学的界限以内。而当科学与人存在竞争关系,或者出现矛盾的时候,人可以依靠超越经验的信仰力,对无论处于胜负情境的科学给予人类特有的解释乃至宽恕。然而,这种化解矛盾并隐蔽地为科学技术运行提供助长条件的心理在人工智能终于置喙写作的时刻遭遇到全盘的崩解。写作,原本可能是人类行为中具有最高价值的一种生命活动,在不得不完全敞开给人工智能的共享状态来临时,正在经历着难以描述也难以预测的危机压力。此中的问题焦点已经不仅是关于人工智能写作究竟是机器编码,还是在脑神经科学基础上运行的仿人类智性思维,而是写作行为在完全斩断写作者生命体验的唯一性以后,对于操控在写作行为背后的隐形运行应该如何认识的问题。

一、互为代言关系的人与机器

  1950年,英国数学家戴维·钱伯努恩教授收到一封来自阿兰·图灵的回函,根据通行的社交礼仪可以预判为关于圣诞邀请的正式回复。但是与常规的信纸和书写样式不同,这封信里只装着“一条穿孔纸带”。收信人诚实地记录说:从收到信件再到最终译出编码一共艰苦耗时4小时,而寄信人则说仅用0.5分钟,就在纸带上通过标准电传打字机码完成了这封信的写作。对于一次以应用为目的的写作/编码行为来说,双方耗用的时间比达到了近乎1:500的差异值。经过机器的介入,写作行为本身蕴涵的表达—交流—理解不仅没有变得更加便捷,相反,成为差异进一步扩大的有难度行为。这个存在于图灵传记里的事例提醒人们,一定要注意所谓人工智能写作的来处,即特殊战争阶段的密码学。密码学中的编码和解码,无论是哪一个阶段的任务,指向都是制造理解的障碍。即便是在加密条件下达成密码中的情报信息输送,那种交流首先是精准定向的,附加有接收方的拣选条件,并因此始终具有屏蔽的性质,以上种种无不与写作的本义相反。

  机器,机器人,人用机器进行的写作,以及具有绘写功能的机器人在绘写中与人,或者与机器人的可能关系……一系列问题中的核心争议在显豁层上表现为关于“思维/智能”的不同看法,而在更隐蔽的地方则涉及到与人类德行有关的真伪善恶争论。换言之,在人工智能逐渐从图灵设想的“算数机”“弈棋机”发展为文学机器人、艺术机器人后,再用竞技类的高低胜负法则去衡量人或非人的锦标水平就不足以触及问题的深处。早在机器人未被制造出来之前的18世纪,拉·美特里已提出“人是机器”的观念,“人体是一架会自己发动自己的机器,一架永动机的活生生的模型”[1]。在自然造物影响万物环境的唯物论基础上,拉·美特里论述中的人与机器并非彼此异化的对立关系,而是用“机器”替代神的超验存在,在质朴的唯物科学发展基础上重新叙述了柏拉图关于“一”和“多”的辩证关系。“让我们勇敢地作出结论:人是一架机器;在整个宇宙里只存在着一个实体,只是它的形式有各种变化。

  将人与机器区分开来的是科学与工程学的发展,使人意识到机器可能比人更可靠的信念则源自极端唯物者力图扫除知识盲区的执念。欧洲的舆论界曾经讨论过两个机器(人)事件,其一是20世纪末IBM公司开发的“深蓝”系列,它的国际象棋算法程序显然启发了后来的AlphaGo与AlphaZero,后者的开发方中也确实有来自“深思”(DeepMind)的前团队成员。被誉为欧洲人智慧最后堡垒的卡斯帕罗夫一直保持着面向机器的开放态度,他承认与机器弈棋时能够感受到类人的“一种新型的智慧”,但是这种智慧的特征是“怪异、低效、不稳定”。他从对弈经验中总结出的应对方法是:避免给予电脑任何具有可进行针对性计算的目标。虽然早已凝固的历史已经证明卡斯帕罗夫的防守方式完全失效了,但是他以一位国际象棋世界冠军的直觉智性触及了电脑编程的核心区域——如果存在某一个对象是不可被计算的,则不会被机器战胜。延伸来说,如果某个行为是不可转化为转子算法的,就不会被机器所复制。

  与科学主义并峙多年的人文主义则更早地警惕到人类经验中可能逐渐无边漫延的机器崇拜,假借艺术中的复杂性命题和偶然性命题,联手进行预言般的冷却提醒。作为一个虚构的人工智能电脑,出现在波兰导演基耶斯洛夫斯基作品《十诫》中。在“第一诫”的故事中段,被科学家父亲组装而成的硕大电脑犹如新的宝藏一般对儿子释放着难以抗拒的吸引力。不得不格外重视的是智能时代后的新结构关系,父与子的二元联系中被置入一项新的纽结——电脑。它的类人智能赋予一台机器以家庭成员般的属性,而在它既作为父亲的造物又作为儿子礼物的双重隐喻中,埋入了修辞意义上的危险性,“隐喻就在于打乱了这种顺序,破坏了这种活动。

  电脑上的字句似乎是为了回答人类的提问而出现,而在提问正式开始之前,机器启动运行的起始点以预告的语句开始——“我准备好了”。屏幕上的字符不再只是视觉中闪动的光标,而是一连串的指令,构成后面的人物命运改变。在人机之间的相互写作问答中,孩子的问题是求知,包括数字计算,以及根据数字计算和综合数据分析而得到的行为推算。人机之间形成新型的代理模式,屏幕上的语句成为循环在经验过程中的行为指导。相较于自身的感觉器官和理性认知能力,人们奇怪地选择了更相信机器。电脑屏幕上的字符滚动映现出大脑自身的开机预告,也预告它根本未曾置身其中的客观天气数据。前者为它吸引来五花八门的问题,后者则引发旷日持久的讨论,亦即机器人究竟是否要为杀人负责的伦理难题。不可逆的悲剧发生之后,父亲的问题则转为质问,问题所指正是被人类抛弃日久的非理性,“是你吗?为什么?”计算机经过长久的沉默以后作出“没有记忆(储存)”的屏显,以单方面的结束宣示出人机之间代理模式的崩盘。对此,未能继续进行的人机对话被基耶斯洛夫斯基再次转交给辖制科学的宗教领域,用情感上的虚空去对抗科学在不稳定状态下对人类造成的伤害。

二、机器对写作的影响

  事实上,智能机器是否能够写作的问题在它的创造者那里是不存在的,阿兰·图灵从制造ACE计算机(automatic computer engine)的初期就坚信电脑终将比莎士比亚写得更好。如果说有什么会比一台计算机写作的十四行诗更好,答案只能是另一台计算机。对于写作究竟是人类更强还是人工智能会写得更好的争论,图灵从来都以哲学上的佯谬和技术上的预测作为回答,比如他认为终究会有一天即使如他那样的机器创生者也将不知道人工智能电脑会发展到怎样的阶段,又会遵循怎样的工作原理。

………………

  机器,技术与AI写作的自反性 PDF 完整版下载(文字可复制):

https://www.aliyundrive.com/s/voxSopSjDbD 提取码: w89i
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